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International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) Vol.5, No.1, March 2016, pp. 39 45 ISSN: 2252-8822 ❒ 39 The Roles of Teachers’ Work Motivation and Teachers’ Job Satisfaction in the Organizational Commitment in Extraordinary Schools Fatwa Tentama, Dessy Pranungsari Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Article Info ABSTRACT Article history: Received Nov 26, 2015 Revised Jan 25, 2016 Accepted Feb 26, 2016 Journal homepage: Teachers’ work motivation and teachers’ job satisfaction are the factors influencing the organizational commitment. This research is aimed to empirically examine the roles of teachers’ work motivation and teachers’ job satisfaction in the commitment of the organization in extraordinary schools. The subjects of the research are the teachers in Extraordinary School 1 Bantul Yogyakarta. The sample was taken by employing non-randomized Keyword: technique. The scales of work motivation, job satisfaction and organizational commitment are used in collecting the data. The data were analyzed by using Job satisfaction Organizationl commitment Work motivation multiple linear regression technique.
Teachers’ job motivation more dominantly influence organizational commitment compared to teachers’ job satisfaction. Copyright © 2016 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author: Fatwa Tentama, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Jalan Kapas No. 9, Semaki, Umbulharjo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Email: [email protected] 1. INTRODUCTION Human resources are one of valuable assets in an organization which determines the organization plan and executes every activity of the organization, as well as becoming the influential factor in achieving organization’s goals 1.
More importantly, it is the determining factor for the success of the organization 2. Prefer 3 stated that the organization implementing the strategies to win the competition through their human resources has proven to be able to overtake other organizations implementing other strategies. Therefore, the organization efforts to win the competition and to achieve its goals can be done through maintaining, managing, and employing human resources effectively and optimally. An organization considers the human resource commitment important, in this case the employees. Organizational commitment serves as the power of employees’ participation in an organization 4. Organizational commitment reflects the dependency on the supervisor, the working group, the top management, and on the organization 5.
Meyer and Herscovitch 6 explained that organizational commitment refers to the emotional attachment, identification, and involvement of individuals in the organization, as well as the willingness to be always the member of the organization. Organizational commitment means the condition in which the employees are interested in the objectives, values, and targets of the organization 7. The presence of highly-committed employees will lead the organization to a beneficial condition since they will work more effectively and will participate in any activities to maintain its survival. High commitment will encourage the employees to work hard in accomplishing their tasks in relation to their responsibility for the organization (extra-role behavior) and they are willing to carry out activities out of his ❒ 40 ISSN:2252-8822 responsibility (extra role work behavior) 8.
Koch and Steers concluded in his research that highly- committed employees will do their work better than those with low commitment. Lack of organizational commitment makes the employees unwilling to retain the job and thus they tend to leave it or turn over 9.
Nogueras 10 proposed that the improvement on three aspects of the organizational commitment will reduce the employees’ turnover in the United States of America. The three aspects are affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment 6. Meyer and Allen 11 furthermore explained affective commitment attitude as the positive association towards individual activities in relation with the opportunities; continuance commitment as the judgement for the employees’ advantage and disadvantage in relation to their willingness to retain their work in the organization; and normative commitment as the employees’ obligation to serve clients professionally in any opportunities. In spite of the fact that organizational commitment is multi-dimensional, there has been few researches that examine those three components altogether.
Most of the researches examined the influence of affective commitment and continuance commitment 12. The employees’ contribution and involvement in organization would be greater when they feel they are supported by the organization 13. The organization supports can improve their commitment in their job. It is even getting greater when they are provided with good working condition 14. According to David 15, the factors affecting the organizational commitment are among others personal characteristics. In personal characteristics work motivation and job satisfaction are related to forming the commitment of the employees.
La Sign proposed that job satisfaction plays important role in the commitment towards the organization 16. This statement was supported by the results of interview and observation on the matter.
Teachers’ Work Motivation and Organizational Commitment One of the key factors that influence the organizational commitment is the motivation related to the commitment formation 17. According to George and Jones 18, it is said that work motivation refers to the psychological strength of certain individual, which determine his behavior in an organization, level of efforts and persistence in overcoming the problems, as well as self-determination towards the dimensions of their jobs. Motivation is the process that encourages, guides, maintains; as well as keeping the resources on the right track 19. The focus on the goals of the organization reflects the behavior in relation to the job. For example, a motivated individual will do his best in accomplishing his tasks.
It is expected by the organization that all the employees are highly motivated, thereby results in high-committed employees. The problems on motivation in certain individuals and the job circumstances have been the basic issues in an organization. It is reasonable since motivation is a significant variable in job performance and in the results of the performance that is achieved by any individual 20. Work motivation can also become the expectation of every employee to be their driving force in achieving their goals 1.
Motivation may become the driving force of any individual, either physically or psychologically, to achieve one or more goals in fulfilling their needs or expectation 21. According to Deci and Ryan 22, a motivated person is intrinsically able to enjoy his work, and this enjoyment can be seen in his behavior. Intrinsic motivation is the form of appreciation from an individual when he performs his jobs and finds satisfaction in doing it. Teachers’ Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment Job satisfaction is also the key factor influencing organizational commitment. Attitude at work, such as job satisfaction, serves as the component that affects the commitment towards the job 23 and is significantly correlated with organizational commitment 24. Colquit, LePine, and Wesson in their research entitled Integrative Model of Organizational Behavior proposed that job satisfaction directly affects organizational commitment. Employees who are highly satisfied tend to have more concern with the organization and tend to be fully committed to the organization.
Therefore, the organization, in which the employees are highly satisfied, is likely to improve their achievement and productivity, as well as reducing the rate of turnover. According to Tuhumena 25, less satisfied employees may lead to delays and absenteeism and thus hold back the organization’s production process. Cooper 26 suggested that the level of job satisfaction affects the rate of turnover, absenteeism, working group activities, and working perception, and thereby indicates the level of organizational commitment. Kreitner and Kinichi 27 stated that job satisfaction refers to certain effectiveness or emotional responses towards various aspects of work. Nelson and Quick 28 proposed that job satisfaction is positive or excites emotional conditions stimulated by the evaluation and work experience. Schultz and Schultz 29 said that job satisfaction means the emotions and positive and negative attitudes towards the job.
1, March 2016: 39 – 45 IJERE ISSN: 2252-8822 ❒ 41 The phenomenon in the location of the research reflects the problems in relation to teachers’ work motivation and teachers’ job satisfaction in Extraordinary School 1 Bantul Yogyakarta that may influence the organizational commitment. This research is aimed to empirically examine the influence of teachers’ work motivation and teachers’ job satisfaction towards organizational commitment in the Extraordinary School. RESEARCH METHODS 2.1.
Research Subjects The subjects of this research are 30 teachers in Extraordinary School 1 Bantul Yogyakarta. It applies non-randomized system of selecting the subject and is based on certain characteristics; those are (1) Civil Servant teachers; (2) permanent and active staffs in Extraordinary School 1 Bantul Yogyakarta; (3) employees having one year period of work; and (4) male or female. Among 30 subjects and scales, one of them could not be analyzed, and thus the subjects and scales fulfilling the requirements are 29. Measurement Instruments The organizational commitment is expressed in the commitment scales that refer to the aspects of commitment proposed by Allen and Meyer 30, namely affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment. Work motivation is expressed by using the scales of work motivation that refer to the aspects of work motivation proposed by Herzberg 20, those are security, advance, type of work, co- worker, company, supervisor, working hour, working condition, and benefit. Job satisfaction is expressed by using the scales of job satisfaction that refer to the aspects of job satisfaction proposed by Luthans (2008) 30, those are the work, salary or wage, supervisor, promotion, and co-workers.
The items of the scales of organizational commitment, work motivation, and job satisfaction consist of four alternative answers, including “favorable” and “unfavorable” statements. Validity and Reliability of the Instruments The reliability of the scales are analyzed by using internal consistency method applying Cronbach alpha statistic formula, while the validity applies content validity approach and then the correlation of the total items is to be found. The analysis results of the experiments of 60 scale items of work motivation show that the results of reliability coefficient (α) is as much as 0.954, with the corrected item-total correlation that ranges from 0.316 to 0.862.
30 items considered as valid are used for the research.The analysis results of the experiments of 40 scale items of job satisfaction show that the results of reliability coefficient (α) is as much as 0.954, with the corrected item-total correlation that moves from 0.491 to 0.921. 20 items considered as valid are used for the research.The analysis results of the experiments of 36 scale items of organizational commitment show that the results of reliability coefficient (α) is as much as 0.905, with the corrected item- total correlation that moves from 0.452 to 0.713. 18 items considered as valid are used for the research.
Data Analysis The data are analyzed using statistic parametric methods. The data analysis is conducted by using SPSS 17.0 for windows, by applying multiple regression technique, which is the continuation of product moment correlation, a statistic analysis technique to know the correlation between two independent variables (work motivation and job satisfaction) and one dependent variable (organizational commitment). The use of multiple regression analysis technique requires the variables to have normal distribution and linear correlation among them. Therefore, before the data are analyzed, the prerequisite test, including normality test and linearity test should be conducted.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 3.1. Prerequisite Test 3.1.1. Normality Test According to the results of the analysis of normality test listed in table 1, it is known that the significant values of the variables, i.e. Organizational commitment, work motivation, and job satisfaction, reach 0.143, 0.616, and 0.411, respectively, with the p 0.05. Thus, every data is normally distributed, reflecting that there is no difference between the distribution of the scores of the samples and the population.
In other words, the samples can reflect the population. The Roles of Teachers' Work Motivation and Teachers' Job Satisfaction in the.
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(Fatwa Tentama) ❒ 42 ISSN:2252-8822 Table 1. Normality test of the Distribution Variables Score K-SZ Sig. Notes Organizational Commitment 1.149 0.143 Normal Work Motivation 0.756 0.616 Normal Job Motivation 0.887 0.411 Normal 3.1.2. Linearity Test Table 2 and Table 3 show that the correlation between organizational commitment and work motivation of the teachers reach the score of F in linearity (F) as much as 16.297, with the significance (p) as much as 0.001 (p 0,05.
Dengan demikian, setiap data yang terdistribusi normal, mencerminkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan antara distribusi skor dari sampel dan populasi. Dengan kata lain, sampel dapat mencerminkan populasiISSN. Peran Guru Motivasi Kerja dan Guru 'Kepuasan Kerja di. (Fatwa Tentama) ❒ 42 2252-8822 Tabel 1. Uji Normalitas Distribusi Variabel Skor K-SZ Sig. Catatan Komitmen Organisasi 1,149 0,143 normal Motivasi Kerja 0,756 0,616 normal Motivasi Kerja 0,887 0,411 normal 3.1.2.
Linearitas Uji Tabel 2 dan Tabel 3 menunjukkan bahwa korelasi antara komitmen organisasi dan motivasi dari para guru bekerja mencapai skor F di linearitas (F) sebanyak 16,297, dengan signifikansi (p) sebesar 0,001 (p.